A divergent one-pot thiol-Michael strategy to create ß-thiophene-fused porphyrins.

A divergent one-pot domino strategy for the synthesis of nickel(II) and copper(II) ß-thiophene-fused 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins was developed through a thiol-Michael addition of thioglycolic/thiolactic acid to the corresponding 2-iminoporphyrins, formed in situ after the reaction of nickel(II) and copper(II) 2-formyl-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins with sterically hindered tert-butylamine in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C. Interestingly, the reaction of 2-formylporphyrins with comparatively less sterically hindered primary amines and thioglycolic acid afforded a mixture of ß-substituted porphyrinic thiazolidinones and ß-thiophene-fused porphyrins. A similar one-pot thiol-Michael protocol was applied to construct a novel free-base thieno[2,3-b]-meso-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, which underwent zinc insertion by using zinc acetate in a CHCl3-MeOH mixture and afforded zinc(II) ß-thiophene-fused meso-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin in an appreciable isolated yield. On photophysical evaluation, these new porphyrins displayed a modest bathochromically shifted electronic absorption in contrast to meso-tetraarylporphyrin building blocks.

Asymmetric 1,2-diaxial synthesis of bi-(hetero)aryl benzofulvene atropisomers via transient directing group-assisted dehydrogenative coupling.

The efficient cross-dehydrogenative coupling of electronically rich and sterically congested benzofulvene with bi-(hetero)aryl moieties to construct an axially chiral benzofulvene core remains a formidable task. In this study, we describe a highly efficient and practical palladium-catalyzed approach for atroposelective bi-(hetero)aryl benzofulvene synthesis, achieving excellent enantioselectivity with moderate yields. This protocol offers a remarkable opportunity for the direct regio- and enantioselective conversion of C-H bonds of benzofulvene to C-C bonds. Furthermore, the protocol permits the incorporation of benzofulvene with a 4-phenyl coumarin core, enabling access to a novel class of axially chiral coumarins.

Nanomaterials for intelligent CRISPR-Cas tools: improving environment sustainability.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a desirable gene modification tool covering a wide area in various sectors of medicine, agriculture, and microbial biotechnology. The role of this incredible genetic engineering technology has been extensively investigated; however, it remains formidable with cargo choices, nonspecific delivery, and insertional mutagenesis. Various nanomaterials including lipid, polymeric, and inorganic are being used to deliver the CRISPR-Cas system. Progress in nanomaterials could potentially address these challenges by accelerating precision targeting, cost-effectiveness, and one-step delivery. In this review, we highlighted the advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials as smart delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas so as to ameliorate applications for environmental remediation including biomedical research and healthcare, strategies for mitigating antimicrobial resistance, and to be used as nanofertilizers for enhancing crop growth, and reducing the environmental impact of traditional fertilizers. The timely co-evolution of nanotechnology and CRISPR technologies has contributed to smart novel nanostructure hybrids for improving the onerous tasks of environmental remediation and biological sustainability.

Risk of Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapies and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Heart Failure With Improved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is controversial in patients who have heart failure with improved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) to >35% after implantation (HFimpEF). METHODS: Databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were queried for studies in patients with ICD that reported the association between HFimpEF and arrhythmic events (AEs), defined as the combined incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, appropriate ICD intervention, and sudden cardiac death (primary composite end point). RESULTS: A total of 41 studies and 38,572 patients (11,135 with HFimpEF, 27,437 with persistent EF ≤35%) were included; mean follow-up was 43 months. HFimpEF was associated with decreased AEs (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32 to 0.47; annual rate [AR] 4.1% vs 8%, p <0.01). Super-responders (EF ≥50%) had less risk of AEs than did patients with more modest reverse remodeling (EF >35% and <50%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.46, AR 2.7% vs 6.2%, p <0.01). Patients with HFimpEF who had an initial primary-prevention indication had less risk of AEs (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.61, AR 5.1% vs 10.3%, p <0.01). Among patients with primary prevention who had never received appropriate ICD therapy at the time of generator change, HFimpEF was associated with decreased subsequent AEs (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.59, AR 1.6% vs 4.8%, p <0.01). In conclusion, HFimpEF is associated with reduced, but not eliminated, risk for AEs in patients with ICDs. The decision to replace an ICD in subgroups at less risk should incorporate shared decision making based on risks for subsequent AEs and procedural complications.

Cholesterol reprograms glucose and lipid metabolism to promote proliferation in colon cancer cells.

Hypercholesterolemia is often correlated with obesity which is considered a risk factor for various cancers. With the growing population of hypercholesterolemic individuals, there is a need to understand the role of increased circulatory cholesterol or dietary cholesterol intake towards cancer etiology and pathology. Recently, abnormality in the blood cholesterol level of colon cancer patients has been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that alteration in cholesterol levels (through a high-cholesterol or high-fat diet) increases the incidence of chemical carcinogen-induced colon polyp occurrence and tumor progression in mice. At the cellular level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) promote colon cancer cell proliferation by tuning the cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, supplementation of LDLc or HDLc promotes cellular glucose uptake, and utilization, thereby, causing an increase in lactate production by colon cancer cells. Moreover, LDLc or HDLc upregulates aerobic glycolysis, causing an increase in total ATP production through glycolysis, and a decrease in ATP generation by OXPHOS. Interestingly, the shift in the metabolic status towards a more glycolytic phenotype upon the availability of cholesterol supports rapid cell proliferation. Additionally, an alteration in the expression of the molecules involved in cholesterol uptake along with the increase in lipid and cholesterol accumulation was observed in cells supplemented with LDLc or HDLc. These results indicate that colon cancer cells directly utilize the cholesterol associated with LDLc or HDLc. Moreover, targeting glucose metabolism through LDH inhibitor (oxamate) drastically abrogates the cellular proliferation induced by LDLc or HDLc. Collectively, we illustrate the vital role of cholesterol in regulating the cellular glucose and lipid metabolism of cancer cells and its direct effect on the colon tumorigenesis.

Syntrophic entanglements for propionate and acetate oxidation under thermophilic and high-ammonia conditions.

Propionate is a key intermediate in anaerobic digestion processes and often accumulates in association with perturbations, such as elevated levels of ammonia. Under such conditions, syntrophic ammonia-tolerant microorganisms play a key role in propionate degradation. Despite their importance, little is known about these syntrophic microorganisms and their cross-species interactions. Here, we present metagenomes and metatranscriptomic data for novel thermophilic and ammonia-tolerant syntrophic bacteria and the partner methanogens enriched in propionate-fed reactors. A metagenome for a novel bacterium for which we propose the provisional name 'Candidatus Thermosyntrophopropionicum ammoniitolerans' was recovered, together with mapping of its highly expressed methylmalonyl-CoA pathway for syntrophic propionate degradation. Acetate was degraded by a novel thermophilic syntrophic acetate-oxidising candidate bacterium. Electron removal associated with syntrophic propionate and acetate oxidation was mediated by the hydrogen/formate-utilising methanogens Methanoculleus sp. and Methanothermobacter sp., with the latter observed to be critical for efficient propionate degradation. Similar dependence on Methanothermobacter was not seen for acetate degradation. Expression-based analyses indicated use of both H2 and formate for electron transfer, including cross-species reciprocation with sulphuric compounds and microbial nanotube-mediated interspecies interactions. Batch cultivation demonstrated degradation rates of up to 0.16 g propionate L-1 day-1 at hydrogen partial pressure 4-30 Pa and available energy was around -20 mol-1 propionate. These observations outline the multiple syntrophic interactions required for propionate oxidation and represent a first step in increasing knowledge of acid accumulation in high-ammonia biogas production systems.

In-Silico CLEC5A mRNA expression analysis to predict Dengue susceptibility in cancer patients.

Dengue fever is the fastest-growing infectious disease in the world. It is the leading vector-borne viral neglected tropical disease. The most acute immune response to dengue virus infection is dengue shock syndrome and hemorrhagic fever, which is due to the activation of CLEC5A C-type lectin domain family 5, member A (CLEC5A). It is a cell surface receptor, and its well-known ligand is the dengue virus. It gets activated by the attachment of dengue virion, which, as a result, phosphorylates its adaptor protein DAP12 leading to the induction of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clinical data suggested that the kidneys and lungs are among the major hit organs in the case of severe dengue infection. Here we predict kidney and lung cancer patients are vulnerable to dengue virus infection as CLEC5A mRNA expression in tumor samples using publicly available software such as TIMER and GEPIA database. We also identified the immunomodulatory role CLEC5A gene therefore targeting it could be a vital tool to cure dengue.

Occipital Artery-Based Fascio-Cutaneous Pedicle Flap in Reconstruction of Head and Neck Defects: A Saviour Under Challenging Times.

Head and Neck cancer management has undergone many changes in the past few decades. Primarily advancements in reconstructive surgery for complex head and neck defects after extensive ablative surgeries. Many factors need to be considered in deciding the type of reconstruction. Any reconstruction is not without complications. We wish to present the reconstructive challenges we faced in recent times to reconstruct composite head and neck defects, situation where a salvage flap has to be chosen in a failed regional flap. An occipital artery-based pedicled fascio cutaneous flap is one such rescuer flap. It is a retrospective study of case records from January 2018 to January 2021 at our institute. Reviewed the clinical data of Cases in which occipital artery-based flap was used to reconstruct the composite head and neck defects. In the era of microvascular flap reconstruction, utilization of regional flaps is still a choice of reconstruction in the resource constraint setting. A less explored occipital artery-based flap is a reliable regional flap can be used in select cases with a good success.

Effect of gender on atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes using a propensity score-matched analysis.

Background: Previous studies have shown that women with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a higher incidence of recurrence and non-pulmonary vein (non-PV) triggers. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the impact of gender on AF ablation strategies and outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of gender on AF ablation outcomes. Methods: We analyzed 1568 AF ablations in 1412 patients (34% female) performed at a single tertiary care center between January 2013 and July 2021. Patients were followed for at least 6 months (mean 34 months) for detection of AF recurrence, complications, and emergency department visits/hospitalizations. The effect was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis using propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Mean age was 64 years, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31 kg/m2. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent de novo ablations. Twenty-seven percent of patients had persistent AF, with a recurrence rate of 37%. There was no difference in AF recurrence when stratified by gender (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.43; P >.05) and age. After PSM gender 1:1 (criteria: age, type of AF, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and BMI; n = 888 patients), there was no difference in AF recurrence or procedure-related complications. Having a history of persistent AF (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.18-1.99; P = .001) predisposed to recurrence of AF. Persistent AF (HR 2.99; 95% CI 1.94-4.78; P <.001) and age >70 years (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.05; P <.001) were associated with the need for additional substrate modification with no difference based on gender. Conclusion: There was no difference in overall safety or efficacy outcomes between genders after AF ablation.

Effects of GLP-1 Agonists on mortality and arrhythmias in patients with Type II diabetes.

Background: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA) are frequently used for the management of diabetes. The impact of GLP-1 RA on cardiovascular outcomes is unclear. We aim to assess the effect of GLP-1 RA on mortality, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: We searched databases including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and CINAHL, from inception to May 2022, for randomized controlled trials reporting the relationship between GLP-1 RA (including albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide) and mortality, atrial arrhythmias, and the combined incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. Results: A total of 464 studies resulted from literature search, of which 44 studies, including 78,702 patients (41,800 GLP-1 agonists vs 36,902 control), were included. Follow up ranged from 52 to 208 weeks. GLP-1 RA were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (odds ratio 0.891, 95% confidence interval 0.837-0.949; P < 0.01) and reduced cardiovascular mortality (odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.881-0.954; P < 0.01). GLP-1 RA were not associated with increased risk of atrial (odds ratio 0.963, 95% confidence interval 0.869-1.066; P 0.46) or ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (odds ratio 0.895, 95% confidence interval 0.706-1.135; P 0.36). Conclusion: GLP-1 RA are associated with decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and no increased risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Prognostic value of late-gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a predictor of adverse events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), but available studies had small sample sizes and did not consider all relevant endpoints. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between LGE on CMR in patients with CS and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in CS and the study endpoints. The endpoints were mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. The search included the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies and 1915 CS patients (595 with LGE vs. 1320 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3.3 years (ranging between 17 and 84 months). LGE was associated with increased all-cause mortality (OR 6.05, 95% CI 3.16-11.58; p < .01), cardiovascular mortality (OR 5.83, 95% CI 2.89-11.77; p < .01), and VA and SCD (OR 16.48, 95% CI 8.29-32.73; p < .01). Biventricular LGE was associated with increased VA and SCD (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.14-32.68; p = .035). LGE was associated with an increased HF hospitalization (OR 17.47, 95% CI 5.54-55.03; p < .01). Heterogeneity was low: df = 7 (p = .43), I2 = 0%. CONCLUSIONS: LGE in CS patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. Biventricular LGE is associated with an increased risk of VA and SCD.

Association of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance with mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance is a predictor of adverse events in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Objective: This meta-analysis evaluated the correlation between LGE and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) outcomes. Methods: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in NICM and the study endpoints. The primary endpoint was mortality. Secondary endpoints included VA and SCD, HF hospitalization, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to >35%, and heart transplantation referral. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. Results: A total of 46 studies and 10,548 NICM patients (4610 with LGE, 5938 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3 years (range 13-71 months). LGE was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-3.8; P < .01) and VA and SCD (OR 4.6; 95% CI 3.5-6.0; P < .01). LGE was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.3-5.0; P < .01), referral for transplantation (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.5-10.4; P < .01), and decreased incidence of LVEF improvement to >35% (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.03-0.85; P = .03). Conclusion: LGE in NICM patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization and heart transplantation referral during long-term follow up. Given these competing risks of mortality and HF progression, prospective randomized controlled trials are required to determine if LGE is useful for guiding prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in NICM patients.

Psychometric properties of Psychosocial Inventory for Caregivers (PIC) scale.

Background: There are various psychosocial challenges associated with caregiving in persons with mental illness. So, the present study attempts to develop a 62 itemed Psychosocial Inventory for Caregivers (PIC) scale in order to assess the different psychosocial problems in caregivers of persons with mental illness. Aim and Objective: The study aims to develop and test the PIC scale in a population with the objective to assess its reliability and validity. Methodology: The present study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design. Caregivers of persons with mental illness were the samples for the present study. Convenient sampling was used to collect 340 samples, based on the item-to-response ratio of 1:4. The study was conducted in the in-patient/out-patient department of LGBRIMH, Tezpur, Assam. Permission to conduct the study was taken from Institutes Ethics Committee (IEC). Proper written consent was taken from the participants after explaining to them the study. Result: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed in SPSS version 25.0. The internal consistency of the PIC scale was found to be 0.88. The convergent validity of the PIC scale was acceptable because the average variance extracted (AVE) was above 0.50. The square root of the average variance explained was greater than the inter-factor correlation of the PIC scale, hence, discriminant validity was established. Conclusion: With the development of a PIC scale, a comprehensive assessment can be done to know the various factors and consequences related to caregivers of a person with mental illness.

Bacteria assisted green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents and plant growth stimulants.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have piqued the interest of agricultural researchers due to their potential application as fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizers. The Serratia sp. ZTB29 strain, which has the NCBI accession number MK773873, was a novel isolate used in this investigation that produced CuO-NPs. This strain can survive concentrations of copper as high as 22.5 mM and can also remove copper by synthesizing pure CuO-NPs. UV-VIS spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, TEM, and XRD techniques were used to investigate the pure form of CuO-NPs. The synthesized CuO-NPs were crystalline in nature (average size of 22 nm) with a monoclinic phase according to the XRD pattern. CuO-NPs were found to be polydisperse, spherical, and agglomeration-free. According to TEM and DLS inspection, they ranged in size from 20 to 40 nm, with a typical particle size of 28 nm. CuO-NPs were extremely stable, as demonstrated by their zeta potential of -15.4 mV. The ester (C=O), carboxyl (C=O), amine (NH), thiol (S-H), hydroxyl (OH), alkyne (C-H), and aromatic amine (C-N) groups from bacterial secretion were primarily responsible for reduction and stabilization of CuO-NPs revealed in an FTIR analysis. CuO-NPs at concentrations of 50 µg mL-1 and 200 µg mL-1 displayed antibacterial and antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas sp. and pathogenic fungus Alternaria sp., respectively. The results of this investigation support the claims that CuO-NPs can be used as an efficient antimicrobial agent and nano-fertilizer, since, compared to the control and higher concentrations of CuO-NPs (100 mg L-1) considerably improved the growth characteristics of maize plants.

Influence of stubble burning on air quality of Northern India: a case study of Indo-Gangetic plains of India.

Stubble burning is an emerging environmental issue in Northern India, which has severe implications for the air quality of the region. Although stubble burning occurs twice during a year, first during April-May and again in October-November due to paddy burning, the effects are severe during October-November months. This is exacerbated by the role of meteorological parameters and presence of inversion conditions in the atmosphere. The deterioration in the atmospheric quality can be attributed to the emissions from stubble burning which can be perceived from the changes observed in land use land cover (LULC) pattern, fire events, and sources of aerosol and gaseous pollutants. In addition, wind speed and wind direction also play a role in changing the concentration of pollutants and particulate matter over a specified area. The present study has been carried out for the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and western Uttar Pradesh to study the influence of stubble burning on the aerosol load of this region of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). In this study, the aerosol level, smoke plume characteristics, long-range transport of pollutants, and affected areas during October-November from year 2016 to 2020 were examined over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (Northern India) region by the satellite observations. By MODIS-FIRMS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Fire Information for Resource Management System) observations, it was revealed that there was an increase in stubble burning events with the highest number of events being observed during the year 2016 and then a decrease in the number of events in subsequent years from 2017 to 2020. MODIS observations revealed a strong AOD gradient from west to east. The prevailing north-westerly winds assist the spread of smoke plumes over Northern India during the peak burning season of October to November. The findings of this study might be used to expand on the atmospheric processes that occur over northern India during the post-monsoon season. The pollutant, smoke plume features, and impacted regions of biomass-burning aerosols in this region are critical for weather and climate research, especially given the rising trend in agricultural burning over the previous two decades.

Bioprospecting of novel ligninolytic bacteria for effective bioremediation of agricultural by-product and synthetic pollutant dyes.

Lignin is a significant renewable carbon source that needs to be exploited to manufacture bio-ethanol and chemical feedstocks. Lignin mimicking methylene blue (MB) dye is widely used in industries and causes water pollution. Using kraft lignin, methylene blue, and guaiacol as a full carbon source, 27 lignin-degrading bacteria (LDB) were isolated from 12 distinct traditional organic manures for the current investigation. The ligninolytic potential of 27 lignin-degrading bacteria was assessed by qualitative and quantitative assay. In a qualitative plate assay, the LDB-25 strain produced the largest zone, measuring 6.32 ± 0.297, on MSM-L-kraft lignin plates, while the LDB-23 strain produced the largest zone, measuring 3.44 ± 0.413, on MSM-L-Guaiacol plates. The LDB-9 strain in MSM-L-kraft lignin broth was able to decolorize lignin to a maximum of 38.327 ± 0.011% in a quantitative lignin degradation assay, which was later verified by FTIR assay. In contrast, LDB-20 produced the highest decolorization (49.633 ± 0.017%) in the MSM-L-Methylene blue broth. The highest manganese peroxidase enzyme activity, measuring 6322.314 ± 0.034 U L-1, was found in the LDB-25 strain, while the highest laccase enzyme activity, measuring 1.5105 ± 0.017 U L-1, was found in the LDB-23 strain. A preliminary examination into the biodegradation of rice straw using effective LDB was carried out, and efficient lignin-degrading bacteria were identified using 16SrDNA sequencing. SEM investigations also supported lignin degradation. LDB-8 strain had the highest percentage of lignin degradation (52.86%), followed by LDB-25, LDB-20, and LDB-9. These lignin-degrading bacteria have the ability to significantly reduce lignin and lignin-analog environmental contaminants, therefore they can be further researched for effective bio-waste management mediated breakdown.

Regioselective Direct C-H Phosphorylation of Benzofulvenes.

A practical and straightforward protocol to access site-selective C-3 phosphorylated benzofulvenes by means of cross-dehydrogenative coupling of two nucleophilic moieties, employing silver as a promoter, is described here. Remarkably, this protocol provides a broad, structurally diverse phosphorylated benzofulvene. Initial mechanistic studies shed light on its radical coupling nature, and late-stage transformations offer highly diversified benzofulvenes core.

Co-substrate composition is critical for enrichment of functional key species and for process efficiency during biogas production from cattle manure.

Cattle manure has a low energy content and high fibre and water content, limiting its value for biogas production. Co-digestion with a more energy-dense material can improve the output, but the co-substrate composition that gives the best results in terms of degree of degradation, gas production and digestate quality has not yet been identified. This study examined the effects of carbohydrate, protein and fat as co-substrates for biogas production from cattle manure. Laboratory-scale semi-continuous mesophilic reactors were operated with manure in mono-digestion or in co-digestion with egg albumin, rapeseed oil, potato starch or a mixture of these, and chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed. The results showed increased gas yield for all co-digestion reactors, but only the reactor supplemented with rapeseed oil showed synergistic effects on methane yield. The reactor receiving potato starch indicated improved fibre degradation, suggesting a priming effect by the easily accessible carbon. Both these reactors showed increased species richness and enrichment of key microbial species, such as fat-degrading Syntrophomonadaceae and families known to include cellulolytic bacteria. The addition of albumin promoted enrichment of known ammonia-tolerant syntrophic acetate- and potential propionate-degrading bacteria, but still caused slight process inhibition and less efficient overall degradation of organic matter in general, and of cellulose in particular.